3D打印（也称为添加剂制造）已成为21的关键技术英石century driving progress in several industries. A pre-proof which will appear in the journal生物打印已经研究了用于组织工程和生物医学应用的3D打印可生物降解聚酯的开发。
Study:Biodegradable polyester platform for extrusion-based bioprinting。Image Credit: katunes pcnok/Shutterstock.com
3D生物打印
3D Bioprinting是一种新兴的组织工程技术，可以生产具有模仿生物结构的复杂体系结构的产品。可以使用两种或多种生物聚合物材料同时分配生物活性和定义明确的脚手架框架的功能性3D产品。亚博网站下载
There are four main fabrication techniques for bioprinting 3D and 4D functional biomimicking structures: stereolithographic, laser-assisted, inkjet-based, and extrusion-based additive manufacturing methods. Amongst these, extrusion-based methods have been widely explored due to their cost-effectiveness, compatibility with different cell types and biomaterials, and the ability to fabricate both viscous hydrogels and thermoplastic polymers.
In extrusion-based bioprinting, the bio-ink is constantly extruded from a nozzle according to a pre-set digital design and deposited layer-by-layer onto a substrate material. Mechanical or pneumatic-driven micro-extrusion is used to realize the constant dispensing of viscous materials through the system’s nozzle.
现代挤出的3D打印机使用两个或多个可以挤出多种生物材料的打印头，并且有可能具有多材料和/或同轴性生物打印的可能性，可以用大量的高级机械性能打印人造组织。亚博网站下载
Printing Smart Stimuli-Responsive Materials
生物打印领域的最新研究表明，可以创建具有智能刺激性反应性行为的复合矩阵，从而将印刷架构扩展到简单的机械支持之外。由于其生物相容性和生物降解性，因此在组织工程中广泛探索了脂肪族（CO）聚酯。
生物墨水是包含活细胞，信号分子以及其他重要在生物学上重要的分子和亚博网站下载结构的生物材料的制剂。这些是粘性解决方案，可以通过基于挤出的方法和其他3D打印技术轻松打印。生物墨水通常从其液体形式转换为稳定的水凝胶，以促进印刷过程中生物结构的固定。这可以使用热，照片或化学引起的交联实现。
Due to their properties, hydrogels are commonly used to fabricate 3D and 4D bioprinted structures. They create hydrophilic networks which strongly resemble organic soft tissue extracellular networks and some hydrogels are inherently bioactive. Conversely, synthetic thermoplastic polymers are primarily used as mechanical supports.
Currently, many polymers which can be printed using additive manufacturing as bio inks are of either organic or synthetic origin. Amongst the library of available biocompatible polyesters, PLA, PGLA, and PCL are forerunners due to their attractive biocompatibility, mechanical properties, easy printability, and the formation of non-toxic products due to their susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation.
More from AZoM: What Raw Materials Can Be 3D Printed?
When choosing the right biopolymers for bioprinting and tissue engineering, 亚博网站下载materials must be biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and possess similar mechanical properties to the bioprinted structure’s application.这对于满足组织工程的要求和维持移植细胞的生存能力至关重要。此外，智能生物聚合物的能力，例如形状变形，大小变化以及对刺激（例如温度，pH值和离子强度）的功能响应，促进了4D处理。
The Study
目前，该研究目前处于原始状态，探索了3D生物打印和组织工程领域的研究。在研究中，作者探索了基于3D挤出的功能性组织结构的印刷最重要的合成生物聚合物。
对当前文献的全面综述，已经包括一百二十二个研究。由于文献中的广泛覆盖范围，作者尚未详细讨论针对骨，软骨，神经和肝组织的最先进的3D生物打印应用。
PCL-based 3D bioprinting has been discussed, with several applications highlighted in the study, including the use of PCL-based tubular structures for nerve graft bioengineering, due to their adequate tensile properties. Another application for this synthetic biopolymer that has been studied recently is the use of 3D PCL scaffolds for supporting decellularized extracellular matrix.
由于能力，例如化学交联的PCL网络表现出的形状记忆效应，也已广泛探索了4D处理的PCL。最近的研究还探索了PCL与磁性纳米颗粒的功能化，以实现对磁场的响应。yabo214
该研究还研究了PLGA 3D偶联。当前研究突出显示的一个方面是使用PLGA来确保生物活性和生物力学功能，因为脚手架没有最佳的机械性能，否则这些材料将适合于负载应用。作者已经讨论了PLA 3D和4D生物打印，以及低温3D打印，这是一种针对3D生物打印的新技术，可以制造具有梯度机械性能的多孔，分层和生物塑料结构。
Based on their focus review of the current literature and perspectives in 3D bioprinting with synthetic (co) polyesters, the authors have concluded that there is vast application potential for this technology in the biomedical sciences. There are potentials for delivering bioactive moleculesin situ用于组织工程和药物输送等应用。对于医学科学领域，量身定制的生物塑料结构的可能性令人兴奋。亚博老虎机网登录
Although the field of 3D bioprinting is still a nascent one, the authors have predicted that it will revolutionize the field of biomedical science much the same way as 3D printing has revolutionized engineering and manufacturing.
Further Reading
Hermanová，S＆Pumera，M（2022）Biodegradable polyester platform for extrusion-based bioprinting[pre-proof]生物打印E00198 |亚博老虎机网登录ScienceDirect.com。可用网址：https://www.亚博老虎机网登录sciendirect.com/science/article/pii/s24058866220082
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