石墨烯电池是如何制造的？

石墨烯电池具有与常规电池相似的框架，由电解质溶液和两个电极组成，以实现离子和电荷传输。基于石墨烯的电池和固态电池之间的主要区别在于两种电极的组成。尽管阴极通常发生变化，但也可以用于制造阳极。

Image Credit: PabloUA/Shutterstock.com

Graphene is a carbon allotrope similar to graphite, diamond, and coal. It has a two-dimensional (2D) structure and a hexagonal pattern due to its geometry. This allows it to have structural flexibility and several other desirable electrical and mechanical qualities.

石墨烯电池的制造

电池中的石墨烯主要用作柔性电极。目前有四种用于生产石墨烯的关键生产方法：石墨氧化物的去角质，改良的鹰嘴豆的方法，外延生长和化学蒸气沉积。

Hummers' Method and Exfoliated Graphite Oxide

悍马的​​方法通常用于生产石墨烯。在此过程中，kmno₄和纳米₃溶解在浓缩的H中₂所以₄for effective oxidation, causing the graphene layers to be scraped off of graphite oxide. There are numerous ways to modify the Hummers' method depending on the application requirements.

首次生产时，使用苏格兰胶带通过机械剥落制备石墨烯片。在对该方法进行更经济的修改中，使用三圈磨机系统​​连续去角质石墨。接下来是将粘合剂放在卷和进料的中心之间，石墨分散在粘合剂上。剥落后，在500°C下燃烧在炉子炉中的树脂层会产生纯石墨烯。

化学气相沉积

化学蒸气沉积（CVD）构成加热碳的蒸气和/或降低大气压力以覆盖底物。金属用作底物作为石墨烯生长的催化剂。该过程包括三个关键阶段：（i）金属膜中的碳扩散，（ii）由于溶解度的降低而冷却薄金属膜以从中剥离碳，以及（iii）石墨烯层的表面产生。与CVD相比，另一种称为血浆增强化学蒸气沉积（PECVD）的方法具有优势，例如纳米结构上的直接生长或塑料底物。

外延生长

Large-scale production of graphene films can be produced using epitaxial growth as a microfabrication method. Epitaxy uses SiC as an insulator substrate due to its carbon content and flexibility so that carbon (graphene) can be retained after the removal or melting of the silicon. However, it is still difficult to attain a uniform thickness on a larger area, in addition to the fabricated graphene layers’ electronic properties being affected by the substrate bonding. These drawbacks can be eliminated by utilizing different substrates.

Structural Differences Between Graphene and Commercial Batteries

常规电池通常用锂和锌作为电极材料。亚博网站下载但是，由于电荷密度较高，它们的寿命较短。阳极通常使用锂铜氧化物（licoo）制成₂）或磷酸锂（Lifepo₄）在较新的电池中。

Graphene, on the other hand, is a 2D carbon atom sheet in a hexagonally structured, honeycomb-lattice arrangement. This structure is a result of the carbon atoms’ sp2 hybridization that generates a trigonal planar geometry. Herein, individual carbon atoms are linked with three others. This 2D structure, along with its hexagonal pattern and geometry, provides structural flexibility to graphene.

Image Credit: Dorxela/Shutterstock.com

与并发锂离子电池（LIBS）相比，石墨烯电池的重量也较小，并且更薄。此外，使用石墨烯可实现更高的电荷能力。锂离子最多可存储180 WH/kg的能量，但石墨烯可存储高达1000 WH/kg的能量。

与传统的LIB不同，石墨烯电池耐用，轻巧，适合于存储高容量的能量以及减少的充电时间。通过将石墨烯纳入电池阳极以获得更高的性能和形态优化，也可以通过将石墨烯掺入电池烯（以及其他可充电电池类型）进行改进。

Future Scope of Graphene Batteries

随着LIB的最高理论效率，基于石墨烯的电池可能会成为便携式电子电池工业的未来趋势。随着石墨烯电池的实施，可以消除阻碍多个行业扩张的LIB的缺点。此外，石墨烯电池的最小技术和环境局限性也具有工业可持续性的潜力。

Due to the increased charge capacity and stable temperatures, graphene batteries can allow electric vehicles to further become commercially feasible. Additionally, graphene batteries may also have future applications in biomedical implants or implantable medical devices (IMDs). In a recent study, an all-graphene-battery was developed, which exhibited remarkable high-power density as both the cathode and the anode showed quicker surface reactions coupled with increased electrical conductivity and porous morphology.

由于这一发现相对较新，因此正在进行研究以找到石墨烯商业生产的方法。三星开发了“石墨烯球”电池，相关的生产过程表明该技术的潜在商业应用。但是，石墨烯的特性尚未完全理解。目前，研究证明，石墨烯电池的利用可以为当今的LIB提供环境友好和经济的可持续性解决方案。

来自AZOM的更多信息：研究人员合作开展了可海洋降解的生物塑料

参考和进一步阅读

Motke, K., Mayanaikar, R., Graphene Batteries- Solution to Energy Storage,ijariie-issn（o）-2395-4396, Vol-6 Issue-2, 2020,https://ijariie.com/

Coffelt, J., Harnishfeger, J., Lin, K., (2019). GRAPHENE BATTERIES AND THE FUTURE OF ENERGY STORAGE [Online] University of Pittsburgh, Swanson School of Engineering. Available at:https://www.engineering.pitt.edu/contentassets/5A0C516991454A7482A98CD7A7ADADA/A4_ECE_ECE_ECE_BEST-PAPER_GRAPHENE-PAPER_GRAPHENE-BARPHENE-BATHENIES_-BETTERIES_-BESTIES_-BEST-PAPER-PAPER-PAPER-.PDF

Haegyeom Kim，H.，Park，K.，Hong，J.，Kang，K。，All-Graphene-Battery：弥合超级电容器和锂离子电池之间的缝隙，科学报告，2014年，doi：10.1038/srep05278

Kai Liang Tan，R.，等。, Graphene as a flexible electrode: review of fabrication approaches,J. Mater. Chem. A,2017，5，17777，doi：10.1039/c7TA05759H

Girish K.，Karthik Raj H. P.，Manoj M.，锂离子电池的石墨烯电池，国际科学，工程和技术杂志亚博老虎机网登录，2019年，https://www.ijset.in/wp-content/uploads/NCCIP55.pdf

免责声明：此处表达的观点是以其私人身份表达的作者的观点，不一定代表AZOM.com的观点有限的T/A Azonetwork本网站的所有者和运营商。此免责声明构成了条款和条件使用此网站。