根据汽车中的头部显示系统（HUD）系统的广泛使用，行业需求和客户对视觉质量和性能的期望已提高。HUD系统在视觉UI和复杂性方面已经走了很长一段路，从第二次世界大战飞机到1988年通用汽车的第一台汽车HUD。
More than 30 manufacturers of automobiles around the globe now offer HUDs as a standard feature or option. HUDs can be found in a range of luxury vehicles such as Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Rolls-Royce and Jaguar, along with many SUV and mid-range models from companies such as Volvo, Hyundai, Mazda, Genesis, Chevrolet, Audi and Toyota.
第一个商业汽车HUD是在1988年的Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme中。（图片：©通用汽车）
HUD Systems: The Role of the Windshield
今天可用的大多数售后HUD系统 - 以及一些早期HUD systems– work by incorporating their own small screen separate from the windshield, into which information projections can be displayed.
以这种方式运行的系统称为组合器HUD。其他HUD系统通过将“静态”图像（如导航数据或速度）投影到挡风玻璃的有限部分来运行。在这两种情况下，挡风玻璃都不发挥重要作用，因此它对HUD投影的视觉外观没有重大影响。
典型的2D HUD投影（左）显示信息，而无需参考外部环境；Hudway驱动器售后HUD系统（右）带有自己的显示面板。(Right Image ©哈德威）
HUDs of the future will, by comparison, rely on advanced augmented reality (AR) technology. AR systems such as these will utilize sensors and cameras to project 3D images that appear as though integrated with the environment outside the vehicle. This may be shown by, for example, placing navigational arrows so they present to the driver as though they appear in the correct traffic lane.
AR HUDs such as this will need to use a significant area of the car’s windshield as their display canvas.
从逻辑上讲，这意味着windshield结果将对HUD投影的视觉质量产生重大影响。虚拟图像等缺陷，幽灵或放大倍数都可以源于挡风玻璃本身的结构或涂层。
汽车HUD系统可以向驾驶员提供关键信息，例如速度和导航数据，其他车辆和物体的位置以及车道指南，而无需他们将目光移开。此处显示的是AR风格的HUD，其中3D投影图像与车辆外部的环境集成在一起。图片来源：辐射视觉系统
Automakers are already setting strict quality parameters for their windshield manufacturers. Traditional inspection equipment like machine vision cameras and software cannot meet the demand as visual inspection requirements become more complex. Both now and into the future, manufacturers need more powerful inspection tools to ensure they can continue to deliver HUD quality.
Windshield HUD Systems: Measurement Criteria
Typically, windshield testing uses imaging systems for visual inspection and, setting it apart from the qualities of the HUD projection system, isolates the properties of the windshield glass.
Automotive glass manufacturers are provided with vital information about the glass form, layer properties, and wedge angle characteristics through this process of windshield testing and inspection, allowing manufacturers to modify their process and tackle any issues in production and quality control.
Examples of ghosting (left) and distortion (right), two types of defects commonly introduced by the windshield in HUD displays, which must be corrected to ensure both regulatory compliance and safe vehicle operation. Image Credit: Radiant Vision Systems
如Radiant的例子舞会®Y-series Imaging Colorimeter或I系列成像比色表，一种测试挡风玻璃HUD的有效方法是使用成像系统。测试模式（例如DOT网格）被投影到挡风玻璃上，并在与Radiant的Truetest™软件的TT-HUD™模块一起使用时测量投影以识别和量化缺陷。
为了确保符合OEM规范和行业要求，例如汽车工程师协会（SAE J1757-2）指定的要求，可以同时评估多个图像质量。
Radiant的HUD测试解决方案将测试图像（第一行）与HUD（第二行）的投影图像进行了比较，以识别诸如失真和幽灵之类的缺陷。多个图像质量以单个图像评估，提供快速，有效的HUD质量检查。图片来源：辐射视觉系统
To learn more, read an interview with Radiant Vision Systems Automotive Business Leader, Matt Scholz, via AZoOpics: “Head-Up Displays: System Benefits from 2D to AR。
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有关此消息来源的更多信息，请访问辐射视觉系统。