在危地马拉北部丛林的森林树冠下面，正在揭露一座古老的玛雅城综合大楼。激光雷达测量are being used to capture and reconstruct ground features in a series oftopological points,encoding surface information in a 3D point cloud.
图片来源：PI（Physik instrumente）LP
A similar point cloud is forming from a white light interferometer in a sterile laboratory complex that is investigating the tribological properties of numerous titanium alloys.
While these two example applications appear disparate, they, and many other applications employing contact and non-contact surface measurements, leverage the capabilities of3D点云作为数据约定。
从表征到制造 - 添加和减法制造
当应用程序从表征转移到此类表面上的制造和上方时，必须考虑最佳方法。点云只是以有序三元组的划界文本格式表示的离散数据点的集合。
制造过程形成轨迹路径的能力需要一个表面重建，可以在具有特定内部内部过程路径的柔性层中构建。
It is essential for these process paths to be adaptable to work with additive (for example, material extrusion or dispense) or subtractive (for example, ablating features into/from a surface) fabrication methods.
特定过程施加参数范围，对参数（例如过程速度，分层高度，层填充填充物和层过程排序）提出不同的需求。
Laser Machining - Large Area, High Throughput, High Path Accuracy: PI Motion Systems & Controls
Example of激光处理的运动系统基于PI/ACS硬件和控件。视频来源：PI（Physik Instrumente）LP
表面重建并导入SPC软件
The example presented here looks at a point cloud with a periodic surface structure. A Screened Poisson Surface Reconstruction is applied to construct a triangulated/faceted mesh from the point cloud.
The fidelity of the cloud to the surface is related to measurement resolution, while the relation of the mesh to the cloud depends on a number of variables, including a minimum number of samples, reconstruction depth and interpolation weight.
A point cloud and corresponding meshed surface is displayed, and once this has been appropriately meshed, it is possible to save the surface in STL format before importing this into theSPC软件。
点云具有周期性的表面结构。可以观察到点分布是一组谨慎点。图片来源：PI（Physik instrumente）LP
泊松表面重建后，由点云建立的三角形/刻面网格。图片来源：PI（Physik instrumente）LP
Meshed surface ready for saving in STL format and importing into SPC Software. The vertices of the mesh are now used to form triangulated facets according to the surface reconstruction. Image Credit: PI (Physik Instrumente) LP
一旦将其导入SPC，就可以应用一系列转换和工具。这些包括：
- 缩放;例如，用于微型化或放大校正
- 位置在阶段的坐标空间
- 旋转转换
- 对齐或覆盖的机器视觉
导入的STL显示在PI/ACS SPC软件中，具有良好的忠诚度云。SPC具有多个分层和填充选项，具有灵活的添加/减法过程所需的用户定义的层间间距。如图所示（或视图中没有模型），可以在模型中隔离分层信息。在这里，我们选择并预览黄色的单个过程层（带有应用填充）。图片来源：PI（Physik instrumente）LP
PI/ACS SPC software features multiple infill and layering options alongside a flexible user-defined inter-layer spacing.
可以在模型本身或不考虑模型中隔离分层信息。表面可以是错误的，可以更轻松地识别拓扑特征。
虚假着色可以应用于STL，以帮助识别拓扑特征。在这里，颜色梯度显示了表面拓扑变化。深红色显示了STL上的最高点，而深蓝色显示最低。图片来源：PI（Physik instrumente）LP
激光或分配器的同步触发
Users can select device-specific process parameters for automatic motion synchronized triggering of a laser, dispenser or extruder. These can be set with independent process speed and jump speed to facilitate reduced process times.
3D窗口将在运行过程中更新该过程，从而在制造过程中为用户提供模型的实时表示。
硬件和软件
这些功能包含在Pi的标准和自定义XYZ龙门舞台和多轴系统当通过公司的运动控制器运行时，使用ACS进行操作。还提供以太网/IP，EtherCat和以太网连接性。
A-341，紧凑型混合XYZ高速和高精度龙门舞台 /线性机器人with air bearings on the cross axis for smooth, particle-free, high speed motion. Image Credit: PI (Physik Instrumente) LP
A-824, Ethercat based, high performance multi-axis motion controller。图片来源：PI（Physik instrumente）LP
用于高性能运动同步激光触发的专用激光控制模块。图片来源：PI（Physik instrumente）LP
References
- P. Cignoni，M。Callieri，M。Corsini，M。Dellepiane，F。Ganovelli，G。Ranzuglia|MessLab：开源网格处理工具|第六欧志意大利分会会议，第129-136页，2008年
- M. Kazhdian, H. Hoppe | Screened poisson surface reconstruction | ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), 32(3), 29, 2013
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