Corrosion resistance, high strength, heat resistance, and hygiene properties are among the many well-known attributes of stainless steel. The distinctions between the five main categories of stainless steel come from the differing chemical composition of each.
Image Credit: Ulbrich Stainless Steels & Special Metals.
什么是马氏体钢?
马氏体不锈钢由于其耐用性,强度和耐腐蚀性,因此是各种应用的好选择。马氏体钢的组成和特性使其优于各种工业功能的其他类型的钢。
Due to its chemical composition, heat and aging treatments can lead to martensitic steel being hardened and strengthened. These treatments make martensitic steel an ideal option when manufacturing mechanical valves and instruments, turbine parts, medical instruments, and other applications and products.
马氏体钢的组成
铬通常占马氏体钢组成的11.5-18%,以及1.2%的碳和镍。虽然较低的镍含量与其他类型的不锈钢相比,其耐腐蚀性较低,但碳的高百分比导致钢具有特别强大的分子结构。
锰,镍和钼是马氏体钢中的其他合金元素之一。
Martensitic Stainless Steel Processing
快速冷却马氏体钢
410型不锈钢,420条不锈钢和440a不锈钢是最常见的马氏体钢类型。这些马氏体不锈钢对热处理的反应很像高碳钢合金。碳含量定义了不锈钢的最大淬火硬度。
Heating the steel to high temperatures which are then followed by a rapid cooling process results in hardening. The high hardenability of martensitic alloys means that this is often called ‘air-hardening’.
通常在低温下重新加热该材料,以使微观结构施加压力,或者将其重新加热至稍高的温度,以使材料(软化)以达到中间硬度水平。这是由于硬质材料的脆性结构。
将合金加热到其临界温度以下,从而导致过程退火。相比之下,将合金加热到刚好高于临界温度后的更长冷却会导致完全退火。
马氏体钢的类型
马氏体钢的碳含量意味着它可以进一步分为两种不同的类型。
Low Carbon Martensitic Steel
低碳含量在0.05%至0.25%之间,低碳版本的马氏体钢具有更大的制造潜力,具有更高的腐蚀性,并且通常更强。
高碳马氏体钢
高碳马氏体钢通常具有较高的碳含量:在0.61%至1.50%之间。碳含量增加会使钢随着碳增强分子结构而更坚固。由于它更脆弱,因此很难焊接钢或轻松形成其他形状。
410型不锈钢
410型不锈钢是一种马氏体不锈钢等级,被视为通用马氏体。它可用于生产活塞和阀的生产,以及紧固件,弹簧,销钉,餐具,硬件,枪支夹,千分尺,涡轮刀片,涡轮叶片,泵杆,煤层,螺母,螺母,配件,配件,滚珠轴承,轴承,轴承,轴承,轴承,轴承,叶轮和轴。
Changes in the hardening and tempering heat treatments will give different levels of hardness.
通常以退火形式提供410型,但是,对于小于0.040英寸的测量值,也可以提供410型RC35的最小硬度。最小拉伸强度为110000 psi的冷卷版是另一个供应选项。
Type 420 Stainless Steel
420型不锈钢涵盖其硬度和钢化型的硬度水平相当广泛的硬度水平,碳含量为0.15%至0.45%。
热处理,包括最小拉伸强度为120000 psi的冷滚动,意味着可以在各种碳级上提供420型不锈钢,以满足特定的硬度或机械性能要求
可以通过热处理周期获得不同的硬度,这使得在特定应用需要钢化产品的情况下,420型。这种钢合金可在RC40-50之间硬化。
420型不锈钢可用于各种应用中,包括紧固件,餐具,外科手术工具,机器零件,枪支,衬套和阀装饰。
440型不锈钢
尽管它在退火状态下具有有限的形成性,但是440a不锈钢比410型或420型具有更大的硬化功能。
Being hardenable to over RC50, this grade of stainless steel is extremely suitable for blanking into blade applications. Blades will remain sharper and for longer due to the high hardness of this grade.
典型用途包括:
- 轴承
- 刀具
- Surgical instruments
In applications where corrosion resistance and high hardness are important, Type 440A is also used.
其他马氏体等级
与上述特殊化学成分要求和/或机械性能相比,具有特殊化学成分要求和/或机械性能的较不常见的级别也可以在市场上提供。但是,最常见的马氏体钢是410、420和440型。
Characteristics of Martensitic Steel
马氏体钢具有多种特性(除了其强度),可将其与其他类型的不锈钢区分开。涵盖了广泛的应用,使用马氏体不锈钢等级来对抗相对温和的腐蚀条件或为冷形成部分创造最大的刚度和强度。
As they share many of the same characteristics, martensitic steel grades are grouped together when manufacturers are specifying steel alloys.
可焊性
大多数形式的马氏体钢通常对焊接反应,因为它们通常是脆性的。当淬火和纠正时,马氏体钢的脆性增加了其应用。
淬火和回火过程涉及加热金属,然后将其冷却以迅速将其放置在适当的位置。通常不建议使用高碳马氏体不锈钢用于焊接应用,但是,可以相对容易焊接410型不锈钢。
磁性
如果马氏体钢合金中存在铁,则晶体状的分子结构可能是磁性的。许多类型的马氏体钢是磁性的。这可以使金属更容易排序,但可以使制造和焊接过程更加困难。马氏体钢在硬化和退火状态都具有磁性。
形成性
A metal's ability to be made into different shapes without breaking or cracking is termed its formability. As its carbon content increases, martensitic steel's formability decreases. While possible, low carbon forms are not ideal for shaping.
High Strength
当需要高度机械性能时,Martensitic不锈钢通常并非总是使用。与不锈钢家族中的其他合金相比,它们的耐腐蚀性程度更限制了其应用。
表面上通常会出现浅表锈迹。当仅需要有限的耐腐蚀性或对升高温度缩放的耐药性时,它们可以在退火状态下使用。在硬化或矫正状态下,获得了最高的耐腐蚀性。
退火马氏体不锈钢
As they provide the best forming characteristics, the martensitic grades are usually supplied to manufacturers in the annealed condition. Hardening heat treatment generally follows forming operations.
When compared to the 300 series, austenitic stainless steel grades 410 and 420 can also be attained in the cold-worked condition at relatively low tensile strength levels.
马氏体钢与其他不锈钢有何不同?
各种不锈钢的化学结构和成分不同。这些因素决定了钢的行为及其可能的应用。
Austenitic Stainless Steel
This type of stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion and is one of the most used types of stainless steel as it possesses a high chromium content when compared to other stainless steel types. These steels are also composed of nitrogen, manganese, and nickel.
奥氏体钢是可焊接的(不同于马氏体钢),通常是非磁性的。它不能进行热处理 - 只能通过冷工作来硬化。
铁素体不锈钢
铁质钢具有高铬和低碳含量。这意味着铁素铁钢不如马塞氏钢强(由于碳含量低),但它非常耐腐蚀并且具有磁性。
Most often used in kitchenware, for the construction of industrial machinery, and in the auto industry, ferritic steels are also not heat-treatable. They are processed almost exclusively in the annealed temper.
降水硬化(pH)不锈钢
PH stainless steel is made by adding copper, molybdenum, aluminum, and titanium, either by themselves or in any combination. These metals can be three or four times stronger than austenitic steel and have a relatively low toughness.
由于其独特的强度和良好的外形性,PH钢通常用于石油和天然气,航空航天和核行业。
坚硬的马氏体不锈钢
Martensitic steel热处理后变得越来越强,这是其主要好处之一。当加热并迅速冷却时,原子变成所谓的以身体为中心的四方,这是一种扭曲的位置,使钢越来越坚硬。可以使用许多过程来硬化马氏体钢。
年龄硬化
通过加热它以形成沉淀,从而防止钢的分子结构中的缺陷运动,钢被硬化。这些缺陷的遏制使金属越来越坚固。加热后,然后在升高的温度下将其储存数小时,直到该过程通常用于提高马氏体钢的强度。
Annealing
退火涉及加热钢,以使钢的分子结构更加均匀并消除应力。这会导致更柔软的钢,更易于操纵。
淬火和回火
淬火和回火是通过加热,快速冷却,然后再次加热金属来硬化钢的过程。最初的加热和冷却后,金属很难但很脆,但是第二种加热旨在将钢带回延性的温度。
概括
There are multiple types and grades of stainless steel that fit into five main categories. Stainless steel's many distinctive features make it ideal for a wide range of different applications. Martensitic stainless steel is versatile steel that has many practical uses in various industries.
马氏体不锈钢is very responsive to multiple forms of heat treatment which can increase hardness, strength and corrosion resistance. Martensitic stainless steel's strength and corrosion resistance are ideal for marine, industrial, and medical applications while its versatility can make it the solution to a number of problems.
This information has been sourced, reviewed and adapted from materials provided by Ulbrich Stainless Steels & Special Metals, Inc.
For more information on this source, please visitUlbrich不锈钢与特殊金属公司