2003年2月7日
Background
锗(Ge) is a silvery white brittle metalloid member of the carbon group of elements, its physical properties being similar to those of silicon, the element which precedes it in the group.
C.A.于1886年发现德国弗里贝格的温克勒。
Occurrence and Abundance
Other elements within the carbon group are relatively common, but锗is found only in trace amounts in some coals and as a minor component in some ores, the principle one being argyrodite, a double sulphide of silver and锗(the mineral from which germanium was first isolated). It has an abundance within the Earth’s crust of 1.8 ppm.
萃取
The element锗is produced by reduction of the oxide, ultra-high purity material being obtained by zone refining (a process in which the element is formed into a rod which is then heated at one end to produce a narrow molten zone. The heater is moved along the length of the rod so that the molten zone travels from one end of the rod to the other. Impurities are more soluble in the molten metal than in the solid and thus concentrate in the liquid zone as it moves to one end of the rod).
Applications
锗在空气和水中稳定，不受碱和酸的影响，除硝酸外。它是电力的差，但具有出色的特性作为半导体材料，并且在该区域主要使用。
However, other applications for锗include its use as an alloying element in the production of specific alloys and as an addition to glass in the manufacture of infrared devices.
Key Properties
The key properties of锗are tabulated below.
表格1。关键属性
| Atomic Properties |
| 原子数 |
32 |
| Atomic radius - Goldschmidt ( nm ) |
0.139 |
| Atomic weight ( amu ) |
72.59 |
| Crystal structure |
Diamond |
| 电子结构 |
Ar 3d104s24p2 |
| Photo-electric work function ( eV ) |
4.8 |
| 热中子吸收横截面（谷仓） |
2.3 |
| 显示的价 |
2，4 |
| Ionisation Potential |
No. |
eV |
|
1 |
7.90 |
|
2 |
15.93 |
|
3 |
34.22 |
|
4 |
45.7 |
|
5 |
93.5 |
| Natural Isotope Distribution |
群众号 |
% |
|
70 |
20.5 |
|
72 |
27.4 |
|
73 |
7.8 |
|
74 |
36.5 |
|
76 |
7.8 |
| Electrical Properties |
| Electrical resistivity @ 22 °C ( µOhm.cm ) |
46x106 |
| 针对PT的热电费（冷0°C -热100°C）（MV）（MV） |
+33.9 |
| 机械性能 |
| Material condition |
Polycrystalline |
| 散装模量（GPA） |
73.9 |
| Hardness - Mohs |
6.25 |
| Poisson’s ratio |
0.32 |
0.32 |
| Tensile modulus ( GPa ) |
79.9 |
79.9 |
| 物理特性 |
| Boiling point ( °C ) |
2830 |
| 密度 @ 20°C（g.cm-3) |
5.32 |
| Melting point (°C ) |
937.4 |
| Thermal Properties |
| Coefficient of thermal expansion @ 0-100 °C ( x10-6K-1) |
5.75 |
| Latent heat of evaporation ( J.g-1) |
4516 |
| 融合的潜热（J.G-1) |
465 |
| 特定热量 @ 25°C（J.K-1.kg-1) |
322 |
| Thermal conductivity @ 0-100 °C ( W.m-1.k-1) |
60.2 |
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