Using a full-scale dynamometer for the testing of friction materials for brake applications is a cost- and time-intensive method as it requires the rotor and brake pads to be in their final form (Figure 1). Bruker has developed a more rapid and cost-effective technique to screen materials used in automotive brake applications. This new benchtop method utilizes small samples made of friction materials, and subjects them to testing under real brake operating conditions.
UMT Tribolab™可用于实时测试此类材料,并容易编程行业标准的测功机协议和标准亚博网站下载,同时监视关键参数,例如摩擦,滑动速度,振动和温度。本文讨论了该技术,并突出了其与SAE J2522标准(称为AK Master)之后在全尺度测功机上执行的测试的良好相关性。
图1。转子和垫子的制动组件。
评估汽车制动应用的摩擦材料的性能亚博网站下载
开发用于汽车制动应用的新一代材料的开发涉及许多挑战,包括制定解决成本降低的材料;亚博网站下载预期(通常更苛刻)的性能;并遵守新的安全和环境法规。通过完全开发亚博网站下载的方法(例如使用全尺度测力计),在车载停止测试之前对制动材料进行了测试(见图2)。
图2。全尺寸制动测试协议/标准标准通常在发电机上进行。照片由绿色测试实验室提供。
在测功机测试中,可以在模拟停止车辆所需条件的协议下测试真实的垫子或转子。这个专业行业已经使用了不同的标准,例如由AK工作组开发的SAE J2522,该组代表欧洲乘用车制造商。该测试旨在评估速度,温度,压力和减速的不同条件下制动垫和转子系统的有效性。
To conduct any relevant test using the dynamometer, the rotor and pad need to be manufactured in the exact size and shape of a final product. Hence, it is a cost-intensive method, without even considering the time required to prepare materials and the queue time in accessing available dynamometers. In addition, this testing method requires other elements of the brake system in order to introduce further variables.
For instance, the effectiveness of the caliper can vary depending on design and as a result, the effect of the rotor and brake becomes difficult to separate.1因此,必须在制动材料开发的早期阶段进行快速筛选方法,然后使用测功机在组件级别进行更费力和昂贵的测试。亚博网站下载
测试制动材料以简化的规模测试亚博网站下载
Bruker’s Brake Material Screening Tester for the UMT TriboLab (see Figure 3) was specifically developed to be a cost-effective and fast screening method and rank materials before performing the component level evaluation. With the techniques used, the tribological performance of small, friction material samples can be characterized in a precise and timely manner, while monitoring key parameters such as sliding speed, friction, wear, vibration and temperature.
图3。UMT Tribolab制动材料筛选测试仪。
To scale down and properly simulate the brake system, critical physical parameters used by dynamometers must be consistently matched for protocols like the SAE J2522:
- 垫子和转子之间的接触压力
- 减速
- 滑动速度
- 初始温度
由于台式系统的惯性通常小于测功机或车辆,因此通过控制电动机的速度随时间的函数来模拟减速。在模拟的不同步骤中,监视的关键参数包括滑动速度,垫子的温度,转子温度,扭矩和摩擦系数。
进行测试以较小规模进行测试的另一个关键优势是可以轻松控制环境参数,例如温度和相对湿度,也可以在测试过程中收集从滑动触点接口中释放的碎屑的能力。然后,这种制动磨损颗粒可以接受测试yabo214后的物理和化学表征。
符合行业标准的传统测试通常集中在减速测试上,其中在停止或降低速度条件下进行了模拟(例如,在其许多测试步骤中,SAE J2522使用80 km/小时到30 km//小时将3,000 kPa施加在将力施加到卡尺的流体线上)。这UMT Tribolab如图4所示,允许以相同的方式模拟减速力。
Figure 4.使用UMT Tribolab进行的模拟模拟,以5.5秒的速度从2089年至787 rpm(80-30 km/小时的车辆速度)变化,并在300 N(0.75 MPA接触压力)的施加力下。控制力和速度,同时监测扭矩和温度。通常,在恒定接触压力下速度降低时,扭矩会增加。
Correlation between Benchtop Test and Full-Scale Dynamometer
优惠券的最小接触尺寸对于台式摩擦材料测试至关重要。虽然可以从实际应用或测试协议中选择滑动速度和接触压力,但最小样本量可以代表制动垫的组成和非均匀形态。
Here, the UMT TriboLab was used to simulate two different brake pad materials (A and B) that were previously evaluated on a full-scale dynamometer in accordance with the SAE J2522 protocol (courtesy of Greening Testing Laboratories). Figure 5 illustrates a typical report of the results obtained from SAE J2522, presenting the different steps and cycles for material "A", and showing the key variables such as friction, torque, pressure and temperature.
图5。SAE J2522材料A测试在测功机上执行的图形报告。由绿色测试实验室提供。
这samples were collected from the same pads, as small cylinders with a thickness of 6.35 mm [0.25"] and diameter of 12.7 mm [0.5"]. A real rotor was machined to the desired dimensions to obtain a cast iron disc so as to represent the rotor. For the setup, three samples of each material were positioned on a radius of 38 mm (Figure 6).
Figure 6.使用Tribolab制动材料筛选测试仪模拟制动垫和转子进行测试的样品。
这pad materials coupons were pressed against the cast iron disc, applying loads that simulate contact pressures employed in the SAE J2522 protocol. The area of the pad, the diameter of the piston and the pressure of the fluid need to be known to calculate the contact pressures applied at the full-scale test. The tire-rolling radius and the effective radius of the rotor were considered to calculate the linear speeds to be used on the benchtop scale test. Again, since a benchtop scale system has a very low inertia in comparison with the dynamometer, the deceleration was precisely controlled at the motor, using similar stopping-time values to those collected from the full-scale test.
J2522协议包括15个不同的主要步骤和许多其他子步骤,旨在评估在各种条件下制动的摩擦性能。为了进行此比较,选择了其中8个步骤(292个周期):
- 6.1绿色µ特征(30个周期):Snub 80-30 km/小时,380 N
- 6。2Burnish (192 cycles): snub 80 to 30 km/hour, varying the applied load
- 6。3Characteristic value 1: (6 cycles): snub 80-30 km/hour, 380 N
- 6.4速度/压力灵敏度
- 6.4.1速度/压力敏感性40 km/小时(8个周期):Snub 40-5 km/小时,改变负载
- 6.4.2速度/压力敏感性80 km/小时(8个周期):Snub 80-40 km/小时,改变负载
- 6。4。3Speed/pressure sensitivity 120 km/hour (8 cycles): snub 120-80 km/hour, varying the load
- 6.5特征值2:(6个周期):Snub 80-30 km/小时,380 N
- 6.6冷申请:1停止40-5公里/小时,380 N
- 6.9褪色1:15停止100-5公里/小时,500 N
- 6.10恢复1(18个周期):Snub 80-30 km/小时,380 N
为了进行比较,在测试后计算了一些关键参数:
- µ0P61 Average value of the friction values of the 1英石to 6Th第6.3节中的应用(特征值1)
- µv120 Average value of the friction values at 2000, 3000 and 4000 kPa in section 6.4.3 (speed/pressure sensitivity 120 km/hour)
- µ0p62 1的摩擦值的平均值英石to 6Th第6.5节中的应用(特征值2)
- µT40 1的摩擦值英石在第6.6节中的申请(冷申请)
- µT40 1的摩擦值英石在第6.6节中的申请(冷申请)
在测试期间获得的数据揭示了台式和全尺度测试之间的良好相关性,不仅与计算出的平均COF,而且还与具有相似趋势和形状的扭矩行为相关。材料“ B”的特征值1步的结果如图7所示。与测功机测试相比,在Tribolab测试中观察到了更多的振动证据(观察COF上的噪声)。这可能是由于过滤数据的差异,并且由于传感器在Tribolab测试仪中的位置,传感器的位置非常接近摩擦图表面。温度值的大小不同,因为温度不是固有特性,并且依赖于系统组件的质量。
Figure 7.SAE J2522 - 6.3特征值1.材料“ B.”的结果比较。
When observing another step of the SAEJ2522 protocol, wherein there is an increment in load in every cycle, a very good correlation is observed in terms of the coefficient of friction following the trend. Figure 8 presents the step 6.4.2 that aims to measure the sensitivity to brake-application pressure when the system is tested at snubs of 40-50 kmh.
图8。SAE J2522 - 6.4.2速度/压力灵敏度40 km/小时的比较。材料“ A.”的结果
当在40°C测试材料时,测力计和Tribolab结果之间的良好相关性(“冷应用,步骤6.6),其中COF值非常接近(图9)亚博网站下载
图9。SAE J2522 - 6.6冷申请的比较。材料“ A.”的结果
对于材料A和B的所有计算出的平均摩擦系数的比较,证实Tribolab制动材料筛选测试仪可以用作评估制动材料的摩擦行为的可靠仪器,并作为测力计测试的良好补充。亚博网站下载
每个步骤的COF中的比较如图10所示,突出了非常好的相关性,因为大多数COF值在10%的差异之内,许多变量不相同,例如惯性或卡钳的有效性。如预期的那样,某些更难以生产的步骤,例如淡出步骤(6.9),其中材料温度非常迅速,比其他步骤显示了Tribolab和测功机之间的差异更大。
Figure 10.从全尺度测力计与台式UMT Tribolab测试的SAE J2522比较。
Conclusion
从全尺度测试和台式测试结果的总体比较中,已经证明UMT Tribolab制动材料筛选测试仪是筛选和评估用于制动器应用的摩擦材料的可靠和有效工具。亚博网站下载Tribolab的大小,灵活性和速度的优势使其成为测功机的合适互补仪器。
References
1. Fecher,Norbert,Jochen Thiesing和Hermann Winner。“刹车片无关的研究。”Eurobrake,EB2014-ST-006(2014)。
该信息已从布鲁克·纳米(Bruker Nano)表面提供的材料中采购,审查和改编。亚博网站下载
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